What is a stroke?
A stroke, also referred to as a “brain attack,” happens when the brain’s blood supply is suddenly disrupted. This happens either by a clot (ischemic stroke) or by a burst blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Without blood and oxygen, brain cells begin to die within minutes. Stroke is a major cause of disability and the fifth-leading cause of death in the U.S.
Recognizing a stroke
Getting treatment quickly can make all the difference. The BE FAST acronym helps you remember the most common signs:
- Balance problems – loss of coordination or balance
- Eye issues – sudden change in vision
- Face drooping – one side of the face drooping or is hard to move
- Arm (or leg) weakness – inability to raise your limbs fully, hold or squeeze something, or support your weight
- Speech difficulty – slurred or strange speech
- Time to call 911 immediately – if you observe any of those symptoms
TIAs, or “mini‑strokes,” may cause temporary symptoms and serve as a warning sign of a future stroke.
Who’s at risk?
Anyone can suffer a stroke, but certain factors increase risk, including:
- High blood pressure
- Heart conditions like atrial fibrillation
- Diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, and obesity
Globally, a stroke happens every few seconds. In the U.S., one life is lost every 3 minutes and 14 seconds due to stroke.
Treatment
Once someone is identified as having a stroke, medical teams act fast:
- Ischemic strokes may be treated with clot-busting medication like tPA or by mechanical removal (thrombectomy).
- Hemorrhagic strokes require managing bleeding and pressure, and sometimes surgery.
Early intervention (within 3 to 4.5 hours) can significantly reduce long-term damage.
The road to recovery
Stroke recovery differs for each person. Some recover quickly, while others face long-term challenges. Rehabilitation may begin in the hospital and span months to years, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy.
Here are some ways survivors can support recovery:
- Start rehab early: Progress is typically fastest in the first 3 months, but gains can continue long-term.
- Stick with your rehab plan, including exercises tailored to your needs.
- Manage health risks: Control blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, and quit smoking.
- Address mental health: It’s common to feel anxiety or low mood. Support from therapists, groups, and loved ones can be very helpful.
- Stay socially and mentally engaged: Puzzles, reading, hobbies, and therapy all help neuroplasticity.
Stroke prevention
Preventing another stroke is critical.
- Healthy lifestyle: balanced diet, regular exercise, enough sleep, weight management, and stress control
- Medical care: medication like blood thinners or statins, and interventions for heart or carotid artery problems if needed
- Watch for warning signs: episodes of dizziness, confusion, or TIAs should never be ignored.
Summary
A stroke can happen to anyone. Recognizing symptoms early, calling emergency services immediately, and beginning rehab quickly are crucial for better outcomes. Long-term recovery often involves therapy, lifestyle changes, medical management, and emotional support. With prompt action and knowledge, many stroke survivors are able to rebuild meaningful, fulfilling lives.
Learn More
Sources
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